Test unearthed trail of ibn battuta biography in urdu

Even so, many perished on the road, caught in the unpredictable desert sand storms, or attacked by bandits.

Biography of Ibn Battuta - Ibn Battuta Documentary

He stayed at the zawiyah, participating in the Sufi rites of the order, including prayer, music and rapturous movements of the dervishes. His impressions of these men provide invaluable information about the movers and shakers of the era. The Mamlukes, like their counterparts in India, originated from European and Central Asian slaves who were bought and adopted by the Turks, accepted Islam, married into noble families and through their sheer resilience rose up to become kings.

Thanks Ahmet, can you please try the site again. As ordered by the Emperor, Ibn Batuta set out with a large entourage in , visiting Gwalior, Gujrat and Daulatabad on his way to Surat in western India from where he planned to embark on his voyage to China. The akhi youth movement reinforced fraternal bonds and taught young men the virtues of integrity, generosity, courage and nobility.

The nobility in Damascus, emulating the example of the Sultan in Cairo, had built numerous mosques, schools, hospitals, rest houses for travelers, canals and public baths. Isfahan had escaped the Mongol devastations, partly because it was far from the main route of the advancing Mongol armies and partly because it had avoided taking a defiant stand and had accepted a measure of Mongol over- lordship.

Pilgrims usually traveled in large caravans, some as large as 30,, with full provisions for the journey, led by an emir leader , accompanied by imams, judges, doctors and protected by soldiers. In , he set out from Tangier to fulfill his obligation for Hajj.

Test unearthed trail of ibn battuta biography in urdu: Unearthed: Trail of Ibn

On this plain stood the children of Adam, black and white, rich and poor, Arabs and Turks, Persians and Spaniards. The Hafsids, who succeeded the Al Muhaddith, continued the tradition of encouraging learning and Tunis with a population of over ,, became a center that attracted noted ulema from as far away as Cairo, Damascus and Fez.

By the first half of the 14 th century, this spirituality had moved forward from mere contemplation and recitation to social activism and had established powerful institutions to sustain this activism. The Mongols had made Tabriz their capital. There was relative quiet between these sultanates and the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. Ibn Batuta was a man of the new Sufic age.

East Africa exported gold, ivory, animal hide and hardwood. It was this spent world that faced the invasions of Timurlane of Samarqand, circa Like their sisters in Turkish Anatolia, the Muslim African women frequented the markets, participated in court life and were free to consult with kadis and ulema without hiding their faces in hijab, a situation Ibn Batuta, a Maliki jurist, found objectionable.

Where in this gathering were the kings and where the mendicants? Aydhab was a sultry harbor town, dusty, hot, without water, crammed with import-export merchandise. Ibn Taymiyah fought a life-long struggle to alert his generation against the risks that he felt lurked in the Sufi approach. The world that Ibn Batuta knew was soon to vanish, engulfed by the great plague of , which moved like a black spider across the globe, obliterating entire cities with its sting and arresting the growth of Afro-Eurasian civilizations for more than a generation.

Setting out in late , he traveled through the Volga region, which was even in his time noted for its brisk trade in slaves. All were equal in the sight of God and equal in the sight of man, in supplication before the Creator, celebrating only His Name, invoking His mercy and His munificence. By , Jerusalem had ceased to be a bone of contention between the Christians and the Muslims.

The cement that held this far-flung Islamic world together was the Shariah. In the 16 th century, there was a succession of five Muslim queens in Indonesia.